12-3: Western Europe & the US

After WWII, Europe received billions in aid which they used to rebuild their countries and improve the economy, until it was better than it had been
France – Leader: Charles de Gaulle
-Fourth Republic – weak, no strong party to run it.
-Fifth Republic – replaced the weak 4th, with a new constitution, president / prime minister model.

-de Gaulle tried to make France into a world power, building nuclear weapons and increasing industrialization
West Germany – Leader: Konrad Adenauer
-the country had an “economic miracle” – great economy, almost no unemployment
-guest workers were brought in from Italy, Spain, Turkey, Greece, and Yugoslavia to work because there weren’t enough German workers
Great Britain – loses its place as a world power
-England had major debt
-the government tried to set up a welfare state = government is responsible for social services and providing a minimum standard of living
-gov’t controlled health care, unemployment, social security

-the money they needed to do this wasn’t there, so they had to give up their colonies to get the money they needed.
Unity in Europe: European Economic Community – created by the Rome Treaty; a free trade area (these countries didn’t charge each other import costs)
-Encouraged to trade with each other, improved the economy
The United States –
-after WWII, the country was very prosperous (had lots of money)
the threat of communism was everywhere – people worried that communists were everywhere, even in the US
-Red Scare – created by Joe McCarthy; targeted alleged communists and communist supporters

*1960’s – leader: Kennedy – assassinated
*Johnson – fought for improved federal aid for education and social security and civil rights
*Martin Luther King led the call for changes in civil rights for African Americans
*Civil Rights Act – ended segregation
*Voting Act – gave African Americans the right to vote

Social Upheval – race riots took place in Watts, and over 100 cities after the assassination of MLK

- anti war protests took place during Vietnam, especially on college campuses (Kent State – 4 killed)

Canada - made money from exports and industry, joined NATO
-Liberal Party set up social security and health care plans

NEW SOCIETY
-workers made more money, and there was an increase in wages, so people had more money to spend on goods
-consumer society - a society focused on buying stuff
- tv's, cars. vacuum cleaners, washing machines - all gained popularity and were available to almost everyone

Changing roles for women-during the war, women had gotten jobs, and then lost them when the men came back.
by the 60's, women entered the workforce again, but were paid much less
women's liberation movement- (feminism) a movement to seek equal treatment for women

-the growing role of students
-during the 1960's, students (especially those in college) found a voice, and showed their unhappiness with certain events through protests and revolts
-this happened in both the USA and Europe

The Cold War Overview

What is a Cold War?

• A conflict with no real fighting of any kind

• A 50 year stand-off between the USA and the USSR

After WWII

• USSR wanted to keep control of the areas they liberated (Eastern Europe)

• US and England wanted these areas to be able to select their own governments

• US and USSR both wanted power and influence, and they couldn’t come to an agreement

Conflict

• Why didn’t the US and the USSR get along?

– There was a distrust between the 2 – each was trying to get power

– US didn’t like communism – felt it took away freedom

– Communists didn’t like the excesses of Capitalism

– As communism spread, US tried to stop it

The Beginning

• Eastern Europe – both sides tried to use these countries for their own benefit

• 1946 – civil war in Greece

– Communist and anti communist groups fought for control

– USSR and England helped

Truman Doctrine

• 1947

• Created by Truman

• Said that the US would give $$ to countries (like Greece) that were threatened by communism

• Created to battle the spread of communism

Marshall Plan

• 1947

• Created by Gen. Marshall

• Aka European Recovery Program

• Goal: rebuild the economy of European countries

• $13 billion to help

• In theory, if a country was secure economically, they won’t be tempted by communism

• Soviet countries refused to help

COMECON

• Soviet answer to Marshall Plan

• Designed to help Eastern European states

• Didn’t work

– USSR didn’t have enough money to really help

What happened to Germany?

• After the war, divided into 4 zones, controlled by the 4 Allied countries: England, US, France, and the Soviets

• Berlin, the capital, was in the Soviet zone

– It was divided into 4 as well

• US, England, and France combined theirs to create the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

• The Soviets made theirs the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

Berlin

• 3 of the 4 zones in Berlin were capitalist and democratic, but they were located deep in communist East Germany

• USSR started a blockade – no supplies or transportation could get into West Berlin

• Berlin Airlift (1948) – supplies were flown in and dropped

– The Soviets finally stopped the blockade in 1949

Berlin Wall

• West Berlin was a democratic area in the middle of a communist country. The Germans didn’t get to choose what side they were in, and many didn’t want to be stuck in a repressive communist state, so they tried to escape

• They would flee to West Berlin, where they were safe

– People in trade jobs, like electricians& plumbers were often the first to go because they could make way more $$ in WB

• To stop the flood of refugees to WB, Khrushchev had a wall built around West Berlin

• The people in WB could leave as they pleased, but no one from EB or Eastern Germany could get in

– It was patrolled by guards

– Minefields, guard dogs, machine gun towers, and barbed wired discouraged people from trying to cross it

New Alliances

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

– 1949

– Provided mutual help in case one of them was attacked

• SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

– To stem Soviet growth in the East

• CENTO (Central Treaty Organization)

– To prevent the USSR from moving south

– Middle east + England and the US

• Warsaw Pact

– Alliance of Soviet countries: USSR, Albania, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, & Romania

– These alliances divided the world up into Communist and Non communist

• After the Koran War, Seato and Cento spread it outside of Europe

Arms Race

• USSR and the US were in a race to see who could get more weapons and a bigger army

• 1949 – USSR detonated its first atomic bomb

• Nuclear power became the new weapon of choice

– Both sides had weapons capable of reaching the other, and these weapons could destroy a country

– Neither wanted to risk being the first to attack, because retaliation would destroy their country too

Space Race

• In addition to trying to get the most weapons, the USSR and the US were also trying to be the first into space

• Sputnik 1 – 1st satellite to orbit the earth

• The Soviets sent up a dog, we sent up a monkey

Defining Events of the Cold War

• Truman Doctrine &Marshall Plan

• Berlin Blockade

• Creation of the Berlin Wall

• Arms & Space Races

• Korean War

• Cuban Missile Crisis

• Vietnam War

Korean War

• 1950-1953

• Communists were trying to take over Korea

• Divided into 2= north (pro communist) and south (anti-communist)

• The North was helped by the Soviets and China

• The South was helped by the US

• In 3 years of fighting, neither side ended up gaining any land

• Called the “Forgotten War”

Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1959 – Castro takes over Cuba

• He is supported by the communists

• JFK is worried about Communists being that close to the US, and decides to help start a revolution

• Bay of Pigs (1961) – invasion of Cuban exiles

– It failed miserably

Chapter 10 Review

*What empire collapsed after WWI because of nationalism and foreign involvement?
–The Ottoman Empire
•What is genocide?
–The deliberate mass murder of a particular group
•Who did the Ottomans target for genocide?
–The Armenians
•What country did the Ottoman Empire become?
–Turkey
•Who changed Persia into Iran?
–Reza Shah Pahlavi
•What did Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) want to do to Turkey?
–Modernize it
•Who wanted to create a united Arab state?
–Ibn Saud
•What was the Balfour Declaration?
–A British document that gave their support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine
•Who led the movement for Pan-Africanism?
–Marcus Garvey
•What is Pan Africanism?
–Unity for all Africans
•What methods did Gandhi use to work for independence?
–Nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience
•What was the Salt March?
–Gandhi’ march to the sea to protest British taxes and salt restrictions
•Why were Africans upset after WWI?
–They hoped that they would get their independence
•What was the Good Neighbor Policy?
–US policy that rejected the use of military force in Latin America
•What effect did the Great Depression have on the Latin American economy?
–The economy suffered because no one was buying their goods
•What is an oligarchy?
–Government where a small group controls the government
•What is guerilla warfare?
–It uses tactics like sabotage and sneak attacks
•Who was Getulio Vargas?
–The leader of Brazil, he became a dictator
•What is PEMEX?
–The national oil company of Mexico
•What did Lazaro Cardenas do for Mexico?
–He gave land to the peasants, took back the oil fields, and made good changes
•Who was an artist that used his art to depict Mexico’s past?
–Diego Rivera
•Who was Hipolito Irigoyen?
–President of Argentina
•What is a zaibatsu?
–Large Japanese companies that controlled everything
•What is the Shanghai Massacre?
–The killing of thousands of Communists in Shanghai
•Who ordered the Shanghai Massacre?
–Chiang Kai-Shek
•Who was the leader of the Communist party in China?
–Mao Zedong
•Who did Mao believe would lead the revolution?
–The peasants
•Essays:
–Describe the rise of Militarism in Japan in the 1930’s
–Describe the impact of the Great Depression on Latin America

10-4 Nationalism in Latin America

10-4 NATIONALISM IN LATIN AMERICA
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY
• Agricultural – based on the exporting of natural resources and food
• Depended on trade with other countries to make money
• Wealth was held by only a few people
• Countries like the US invested money in companies, and took over the economy in many areas
• The people didn’t like that the US had control of so many industries
• Often, the US gave aid to dictators who supported their economic interests in countries (like Venezuela)
• The US also sent in the military to protect their interests in Latin America
GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
• 1930’s
• Started by Roosevelt
• Rejected the use of military force
• 1934 –the last US troops were taken out of L.A
IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
• When America and Europe lost their money in the depression, they couldn’t afford to buy goods from Latin America
• This made their economy go down
– Especially in countries that specialized in one good
• Governments started industrialization to rebuild the economy and make their own goods
AUTHORITARIANISM
• Like totalitarianism, but less controlling
• When the economy went down, many countries got military dictatorships
– The military was needed to keep order, and they used that power to take over
• These leaders tended to be authoritarian
ARGENTINA
• Led by an Oligarchy (one group that has power)
• 1916 Hipolito Irigoyen was made president
• 1930’s – military leaders didn’t like that the workers were getting the power, and overthrew the government
• Wanted to rebuild the export economy so that workers wouldn’t have power
BRAZIL
• Economy depended on coffee
• 1930 – military coup put Getulio Vargas in charge
– Made himself dictator
– Helped workers
– Created new industry
– Created New state, a fascist-like government
– Used secret police to maintain control
MEXICO
• A republic, but it only had one political party, the PRI
• Lazaro Cardenas, president in the 1930’s
– Gave land to the peasants
– Fought with the US and England over oil; took over the oil fields
• PEMEX – Mexican oil company run by the government
CULTURE
• Changed European styles to reflect their traditions
• Diego Rivera – Mexican artist
– Interpreted legends
– Represented culture, festivals, and customs
– Often used the Mexican revolution in his work

10-3 Revolutionary Chaos in China

10-3 REVOLUTION IN CHINA
NATIONALISTS
 Nationalist Party led by Sun Yat-Sen
 More traditional
 Earlier, this group had fought for control of China, but didn’t get it.
 The increasingly chaotic government led to them trying to take over again
 Their biggest competitor? The Communists
COMMUNISTS
• Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
• Started by radicals from the University of Bejing
• Wanted to make China Communists
• Main leader: Mao Zedong
ALLIANCE
• 1923-1926 – alliance between Nationalists and Communists
• Trained an army to fight and take over the country
• Northern Expedition took over all of southern China
• Broke up when the Nationalists turned on the Communists
CHIANG KAI-SHEK
• Took over Nationalists when Sun died
• Didn’t like communists; believed that they were a bigger threat than the Japanese
• Decided to get rid of all the communists through…
SHANGHAI MASSACRE
• Thousands of communists were killed by the Nationalists
• Many communists fled to the countryside to avoid being killed
– Led by Mao Zedong
• others stayed in the city and recruited for the party
NEW CHINA
• Chiang Kai-Shek tried to build a new China
• Wanted a democratic constitutional government
• Got support from the Middle Class
• Started the New Life Movement
– Bring in western innovation to improve the country
NEW LIFE MOVEMENT
• Goal was to help rebuild China after the depression and conflict
• Set up a national bank
• Built schools
• Improved the roads
• Land reforms were created to help lessen the gap between the rich and the poor.

10-2 Nationalism in Africa and Asia

10-1 NATIONALISM IN AFRICA AND ASIA
AFRICA
• Many black Africans fought in WWI because they thought they would get independence, but they didn’t.
– Germany’s territories were given to England and France
– The exposure to the West did give many Africans new ideas though, and reform movements started.
PROTESTS
• Kenya – Young Kikyu Association
– Led by Harry Thuku, who was arrested
– Protests led to violence, and Thuku was assassinated
• Libya – guerilla warfare
– Led by Omar Muktar
– Italians opened concentration camps to hold the Libyans.
• While most reforms failed to achieve independence, reforms were begun
LEADERS
• W.E.B DuBois – led movement for African Independence in the USA
• Marcus Garvey – started Pan-Africanism
– Unity of all Africans
• Jomo Kenyatta – Kenyan that believed that the British were destroying Africa
• Leopold Senghor – Senegal
• Nnamdi Azikiwe – created a newspaper, wanted nonviolent protest
INDIA
• Mohandas Gandhi
– Worked in South Africa before moving back to India
– Called Mahatma (great soul)
– Believed in nonviolent protest and civil disobedience (refusing to obey unjust laws)
• Boycotted English goods
• Make homemade salt
• Don’t pay taxes
– Spent time in prison
MOVEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE
• 1935 – Government of India Act
– More Indians given the right to vote
• Indian National Congress
– Created in 1885; wanted independence, worked with Gandhi
• Jawaharlal Nehru (1930’s)
– Leader of the INC; split it into 2: Gandhi (religious, traditional, Indian) vs Nehru (secular, Western, modern)
• Muslim League
– Created because of conflicts between Hindus and Muslims
– Wanted their own Muslim state
JAPAN
• Politically, economically, and socially, Japan was becoming more westernized
• Zaibatsus (large corporations) controlled most of the economy and manufacturing
– Led to big gap between the rich and poor
• Problems like inequality, increased population, and food shortages led to a call for the return of traditional Japan
• An island, Japan has few natural resources.
– Took over Formosa, Korea, and Manchuria to get resources
• Washington Conference
– Meeting to keep Japan from expanding; said that China couldn’t be touched.
– Kept Japan form gaining the resources that it needed for its growing industry
RISE OF MILITARISM
• Militant nationalists wanted Japan to take control and get rid of Western influences
• Many groups were formed
• 1931 – they invade Manchuria
• They took over the gov’t and the Emperor, Hirohito, didn’t oppose them
– They passed a draft law, pushed for expansion, and purged western ideas
ASIA
• Communist International was started by Lenin to spread communist ideas and revolution
– Most Asian countries had communist parties, and the biggest was in China
• Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam
– Leader of revolutionary party
– Worked with the nationalist parties to fight against imperialism

10-1 Nationalism in the Middle East

10-1 MAJOR CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE EAST
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• Collapsed after WWI
• Nationalism and foreign involvement helped bring it down
• After the war, most areas gained independence, and Turkey stood alone as the Ottoman’s land.
• The new leader was Mustafa Kemal
ATATURK
• Means “father turk”
• Changed Turkey into a democracy
• Changed alphabet
• Created public schools
• People to adopt western style
• People had to adopt family names (last names)
• Set up five year plans to industrialize
• Brought in western clothes
• Women get equal rights
• People could be whatever religions they wanted

• Some people, like devout Muslims, didn’t like all of his reforms
REZA SHAH PAHLAVI
• Originally called Persia
• Had lots of oil, so it was wealthy and other countries wanted control
• Pahlavi overthrew the gov’t in 1921
• Copied Ataturk’s reforms
– Western style education
– Made reforms to make the country stronger
ARAB NATIONALISM
• Arabs wanted to make their own countries after the Ottoman Empire broke up.
• Instead, England and France took over in many areas, decided their borders, and divvied them up
– The people didn’t have a real connection to their country.
• Ibn Saud: united Arabs and started his own kingdom, Saudi Arabia
– Oil was discovered here
PALESTINE
• 80% Muslim, 20% Jewish
• Zionists wanted to make it the official Jewish homeland.
• When the Germans started picking on the Jews, more and more moved there
– This led to violence among the people.
• Balfour Declaration – British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine
– Eventually they limited the number of people that could come in.