CHapter 8 Study guide

define:
mobilization
militarism
conscription
propaganda
trench warfare
zepplin
war of attrition
armistice
reparations
Duma
soviets
war communism
Bolsheviks
mandate system
LLoyd George
Georges Clemenceau
the Black Hand


*what was considered an act of war?
*why did the Allies join WWI?
*WHo wanted democracy and peace?
How did Russia get of WWI?
Who led the Bolsheviks?
Why didn't Germany like the treaty of Versailles?
WHat was the Schlieffen Plan?
WHere was the Battle of Marne?
What was the Cheka supposed to do?
What was the Treaty of Versailles?

Essays: trench warfare
Schlieffen Plan

8-3 The Russian Revolution

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
PROBLEMS:
• After the 1905 Revolution (after Bloody Sunday), no real changes were made.
• The government was corrupt, and Nicholas II wasn’t a great ruler
• Revolutionaries were waiting till the time was right to put Marx’s ideas into action and lead a working class revolution
IMPACT OF WWI
• Russia didn’t have enough supplies to support a full-scale war
– By 1915, many soldiers lacked guns, ammunition, clothes, and supplies
• The transportation system wasn’t as modern as that of other countries, so the movement of supplies was slow
• Many soldiers died because they were poorly equipped.
• Nicholas makes things worse by going to join the battle and leaving his wife Alexandria in charge
GREGORY RASPUTIN
• Rasputin was a self-proclaimed “holy man” who gained the trust of the tsarina after he ‘cured’ her son of his bleeding disease
• Alexandria turned to Rasputin for advice in running the country
• The leaders of Russia didn’t like the power that Raspitin was getting, so they decided to assassinate him
• He died on December 29, 1916 after being poisoned, shot, beaten, and finally drowned.
LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION
VLADIMIR LENIN
• Didn’t like the Tsarist government because his older brother was executed for plotting to kill the tsar
• Inspired by the writings of Karl Marx, and spread socialist ideas among the factory workers
– Spent time in a Siberian prison, then went into exile in Switzerland, where he kept in contact with Russian socialists
• Lenin adapted Marxism to fit the needs of Russia:
– A “dictatorship of the proletariat” – an elite group would lead for the good of the people
– He called them “Bolsheviks” (majority)
– After the February Revolution, Lenin sees his chance and returns to Russia
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
• By 1917, sever food shortages left the people in anger, and the women of St. Petersburg went on strike, and the army refused to stop them
• The tsar finally realized that he’d lost control of his country and stepped down (March)
– The tsar and his family are put under house arrest
• A provisional government was put in place, and they continued the war
OCTOBER REVOLUTION
• The war continued to cause problems, and the people were anxious to stop the fighting and food shortages
• Peasants also wanted land, and mutinied, taking land from the rich landlords
• In November 1917, the Red Guard (armed factory workers) joined with angry soldiers and took over the government
• All of these revolutionaries were members of the Bolshevik party, and they were lead by Lenin
• Lenin’s motto: “Peace, Land, and Bread”
COMMUNIST REVOLUTION
• Lenin sets up the capital in Moscow
• Changes the name from Bolshevik to Communist
• March 1918: Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany
– Russia gives up the Baltic States, Finland, and Poland
• June: Civil War starts: Reds vs. Whites
1918-1920 CIVIL WAR
• “Reds” are the communists
• “Whites” are the supporters of the tsar, democrats, and anyone else that didn’t like the communists
• Other groups joined in to fight the communists as well, like the Allies
• The communists assassinated the Tsar and his family so they wouldn’t pose a threat
• Finally, the communists win
LIFE UNDER COMMUNISM
• Communists use terror to fight the Whites and control the people
• Gulag – forced labor camps (concentration camps)
• Cheka – the secret police
– Executed anyone suspected of revolutionary actions
• “War Communism” – gov’t took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads
– Peasants had to give most of their crops to feed the army
• Leon Trotsky controlled the Red Army, and taught them communist party principles
U.S.S.R
• Lenin and the communists combine a number of smaller states with Russia to Form the United Soviet Socialist Republic, otherwise known as the Soviet Union or the USSR
• A government body, the Supreme Soviet, controlled the government
– In theory, all people could vote, and all political power, resources, and means of production would belong to the people, and all republics would be equal
– In reality, the Communist party controlled everything, and only Russia had real power
IN SUMMARY
• As Russian front falls apart, the war in Russia becomes unpopular.
• Food and fuel shortages lead to Riots.
• Czar Nicholas II is forced to abdicate on March 15, 1917
• The Communists, led by Lenin, take over Russia
• Communist led Russia becomes the Soviet Union
• The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed March 3, 1918. Russia surrenders.

2-1: England - Henry VIII to the Glorious Revolution

England: Henry VIII to The Glorious Revolution

Henry VIII
• 1509-1547
• Had 6 wives
• Broke with the Catholic
Church
• Created his own church with the Act of Supremacy
– Anglican Church

Mary Tudor
• Favored the Catholics
• Passed laws that benefited them
• Persecuted many people

Elizabeth
• 1558 – 1603
• Took away Mary’s laws
• Favored the Anglican church
• Tried to balance - didn’t want wars

James I
• Believed in the Divine right of kings – king given power by god, only have to answer to god
• Does whatever he wants
• Ignores the parliament

Charles I
• Also believes in the divine right of kings
• Decides to ignore parliament
• Shuts down parliament from 1629-1640
• Members of parliament were wealthy, had power & land, had more control than the king

English Civil War
• Royalists / Cavaliers -supporters of the king
• Roundheads – supporters of the parliament

Oliver Cromwell
• Head of the New Model Army
• His roundheads defeat the Royalists, take control of England
• He gets Parliament to execute Charles I
• New government called a commonwealth
• It’s a republic in name only
• Fires anyone who didn’t support him =rump parliament
• Basically, he has total control – a dictator

Charles II
• Put in power by Parliament
• The problem that they have – Charles likes Catholics
• Exclusion Bill – James can’t become king
• Charles gets rid of Parliament to avoid having to pass the bill.

James II
• Catholic
• Starts favoring Catholics
• Parliament decides to get rid of him to maintain their power

William & Mary
• Leader of the Dutch
• Mary is James’ daughter
• Raise an army, head to England

Glorious Revolution
• So-called because there was no fighting & no one dies
• Bill of Rights - limits the power of the monarchy, protects parliament
• Toleration Act – protected freedom of worship

End of the Cold War Study guide

Define the following terms:
-detente
-perestroika
-state sponsored terrorism
-budget deficit
-"evil empire"
-Brezhnev Doctrine

Who were:
-Milosevic
-Honecker
-Kohl
-Walesa
-Yeltsin
-Brezhnev
-Carter

Which groups were fighting in Ireland? Why?
What happened in 1979? (2 things)
Why did Western Europe's economy decline?

Essay questions:
-Describe the 'ethnic cleansing' that took place in Bosnia and Kosovo. Why was Czechoslovakia able to split peacefully while Yugoslavia was not?
-Describe the types of terrorism and the methods that terrorists use to make their points.

13-2 Eastern Europe

Poland

• 1980 – Lech Walesa organizes a workers union, Solidarity

– Supported by the church and the workers

• 1988 – after years of demonstrations and growing support for Solidarity, the government holds free elections; communism ends

• 1990 – Walesa becomes the president

• Problems: it was hard switching from communism to a free market economy

Czechoslovakia

• After Gorbachev takes over, the reformers took the opportunity to push for changes

• 1988-1989 – mass demonstrations

• December 1989 – communist gov’t collapses, Vaclav Havel becomes president, country becomes democratic

• Problem: 2 different ethnic groups – Czechs and Slavs

• Solution: they peacefully split the country into 2: Czech Republic and Slovakia

Romania

• Communist leader = Nicolae Ceausecu

– Harsh ruler, used secret police to remove problems

– People were miserable: lack of food, rationing, entire villages destroyed

• Dec 1989 – secret police murdered thousands of peaceful demonstrators

– The army protests this horror

• Ceausecu and his wife were arrested and executed

• New government was set up

Germany

• Erich Honecker – leader of East Germany

– Harsh leader; used secret police to keep order

• 1989 – demonstrations broke out and the government opens the border between east and west

– People on both sides begin tearing down the wall

• 1990 – first free elections in E Germany led to unification with the west

• 10/3/90 – Reunification of Germany

Yugoslavia

• 1980’s – government consisted of representatives from each of the 8 republics/provinces (Slovenia, Croatia, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo)

• They all wanted independence, but the leader of the republic of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milosevic, didn’t want to let them

– Why? Most of Yugo was serbian, and all of the other republics had serbian minorities, so he wanted to keep all the serbs together in one state

• 1991 – Slovenia & Croatia declare independence, and Milosevic attack Croatia, and the serbs within Croatia helped them

• 1992 – Serbs attack Bosnia-H

– Serbs start killing or getting rid of all Muslims in Bosnia

• 1995 – Bosnian and Croatian forces fight back, with help from the US

• Serbs are forced to sign an peace treaty

– Bosnia is split, NATO troops are sent to monitor

Kosovo

• A province in Yugoslavia, given autonomy (they are allowed to have their own government)

– The people were Albanians who kept their own language and culture

• 1989 – Milosevic takes away autonomy

• Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) is formed to fight Serbian rule in Kosovo

• Serbians retaliate by massacring the Albanians

• 1999 – Albanians finally regain autonomy

• 2000 – Milosevic is kicked out of power and put on trial for crimes against humanity

• 2002 – Yugoslavia becomes Serbia and Montenegro

13-1 Decline of the Soviet Union

1970’s

• new leader= Leonid Brezhnev

• Wanted to keep Eastern Europe communist

– Brezhnev Doctrine – USSR is allowed to go in to any communist country to protect communism (like the Truman Doctrine, but for communism)

• This was a period of good relations between the US and the USSR (known as a détente)

• The Soviet gov’t was corrupt, farming was bad, and the regular people suffered

Tensions grow

• 1979 - Soviets invade Afghanistan

• The US saw this as the USSR trying to expand their territory and took action

– US boycotts (refuses to go to) the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

– No grain (wheat, oats, etc) will be shipped to the USSR

• In 1980, Reagan called the USSR an “evil empire” and began a new arms race, started building a new satellite defense system, and gave weapons and money to Afghanistan

A New Russia

• During the 1980’s problems get worse, and a reform movement begins

• 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev is made leader, and begins to make changes

– Believed in radical reform that begins with perestroika (restructuring – changing the way the gov’t works to make things better)

• Created a new economic system where some business were owned by individual people, not the government

• Created a parliament elected by the people

• Allowed non-communist parties to exist

• Created new system of government with a president, and he became the first (and only) president of the Soviet Union

• Signed a treaty with the US, eliminating some long range nuclear weapons

• Stopped giving military support to Communist Eastern Europe

– This allowed these countries to overthrow their communist governments and become democratic

End of the Soviet Union

• One of the major problems was that within the USSR there were over a hundred languages spoken and almost as many nationalities, and many of these groups wanted their independence

• The old-school communists wanted things to stay as they were, and weren’t happy with Gorbachev

• In 1991, a group tries to take him out of power by arresting him, but he is freed by Boris Yeltsin

• Ukraine and Belarus get independence in December 1991, and the USSR ceases to exist

• Gorbachev resigns and Boris Yeltsin becomes the new president of Russia.

New Russia

• New problems:

– the new freer economy was having trouble

– Even though there was more stuff, it was hard to get

– A southern province, Chechnya, wanted independence, and Yeltsin wanted to keep it

– Former communist countries joined NATO

• 2000 – Vladimir Putin becomes president

– Started reforms to help the economy and budget

– Worked to make Russia part of the international economy

– Continued the fight to keep Chechnya

12-2, 12-3 Europe & North America

Rebuilding

• After the war, the soviet economy was down – all $ was used for production, not given to the workers

• New factories were created, and a focus on heavy industry began.

• Focus: building military strength and becoming a world power

• This came at the expense of the workers – small apartments, bad pay

• 1946 – all scientific and literary work has to follow communist policy

• Stalin is about to begin another purge when he dies in 1953

Khrushchev

• De-Stalinization: his attempt to undo some of Stalin’s worst policies

– Allowed more freedom in literature

– Produced more consumer goods

– Tried to make more crops for food

• Unfortunately, this part failed and led to a downturn in the economy

– His policies hurt the economy, and production decreased.

– After his plan to place missiles in Cuba led to the Cuban missile crisis, the other members of the party voted him out in 1964

Communist Europe

• East Germany

• Romania

• Poland

• Hungary

• Czechoslovakia

• Albania and Yugoslavia were communist, but independent of the USSR

• These countries imitated Stalin’s policies: the 5 year plan, industrialization, elimination of other political parties, creation of the secret police

• After Stalin’s death, several countries tried to move away from the USSR, but the Soviets used military force to keep control over them

Western Europe & North America

France

• New president: Charles de Gaulle

• Used president/parliament model

• Entered arms race, created nuclear weapons

• Economy improved, imports grew

• Cost of living was high and led to protests

West Germany

• 1949 – 1963: Konrad Adenauer, leader

– Works with the US and western Europe

– “economic miracle” – unemployment goes down to .4% - they have to bring in workers from turkey to fill the jobs

• Late 1960’s – Social Democratic party takes control

Great Britian

• After the war, it loses its position as the world power

• Labour party takes over and creates a welfare state ( when the government gives you necessary services like health care)

– Gave $ to the unemployed, sick, and old

– Nationalized health care

– The $$ needed to do all this, and rebuild the country, forced England to abandon their colonies abroad

European Economic Community

• A free-trade area: no tariffs (import taxes)

• France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, West Germany, and Italy

• The world’s largest exporter and purchaser of raw materials

• A bloc: a group of countries with a common purpose

United States

• After WWII, there was an economic boom

– Wages went up, people had more $ to spend

• The government created a “red scare”, a fear of communism

– Many people were targeted as suspected communists; communist supporters were blackballed

– Led by Senator Joe McCarthy

After Kennedy was killed, Johnson took over and worked to improve welfare and social security

Civil rights movement: began in 1954 – worked to end segregation and gain equal rights and treatment

leader: Martin Luther King, Jr

Civil Rights Act of 1964 – ended segregation

• 1965 – race riots in Watts

• 1969 – MLK was assassinated

• When the US entered Vietnam, anti-war protests began

– 1970 – students killed at Kent state

Canada

• After the war, worked on developing chemical, electronic, aircraft, and nuclear industry

• Didn’t just want to be “America’s hat” – tried to make their own identity by joining alliances and the United Nations