The Cold War Begins (12-1) part 2

Germany after the division










Here's Berlin..and the Berlin Wall -






ORGANIZATIONS & ALLIANCES

NATO - (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - 1949 -
-USA, Canada, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Holland, England, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland (West Germany, Turkey, & Greece join later)
-Agree to help one another if attacked

Warsaw Pact - 1955
-USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
-agree to help one another if attacked

SEATO - (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) early 1950's
-USA, England, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand
- goal was to stop Soviet agression in the East

CENTO - (Central Treaty Organization)
- USA, England, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan
-goal was to stop Soviet agression in the south

Cold War

What is the Cold War?

• It’s the period from 1946 to 1989 where the Soviet Union (Russia) and the United States were competing to be the biggest power in the world

• It’s a “cold” war because the 2 countries never actually fought each other, but they did help other countries fight

What was the problem?

• The US is capitalist. That means that the government allows people to own their own businesses, and buy and sell almost anything they want (unless it’s illegal).

• The Soviet Union is communist. That means that the government owns all the factories and the people can’t own their own business, and there are a limited number of products to buy.

• These two ideas are so opposite that each is threatened by the other.

• Capitalists think that communism takes away individual freedoms

• Communists think capitalism is excessive (too much stuff, to much control by individuals)

• So after WWII, both sides wanted the newly free countries of Eastern Europe to be like them.

• Soviet goal: spread communism, become a world power

• US/England goal: stop communism, keep Soviet Union from getting too powerful

The Beginning

• 1946 – civil war in Greece – Soviets support the Communists, England supports the other side

• 1947 - TRUMAN DOCTRINE

• US policy that would give $$ to any country threatened by communism (like Greece)

• Goal: to stop the spread of communism

– MARSHALL PLAN

• $13 billion to fix the European economy

• The idea was that if the economy is good, the country won’t want to be communist

• 1946-49: Division of Germany

– After the war, it was split into 4 parts; England, USA, France, and Soviet Union each got a part

• The capital, Berlin, was also divided into 4 parts

– England, USA, and France combined theirs and re-named it the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

– The Soviet Union named theirs the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

the problem?

• ¾ of Berlin was capitalist and democratic, while the other ¼ was communist, and it was right in the middle of communist East Germany

• The soviets decided to try and stop any goods from getting to West Berlin, so for a year, the US and English had to fly supplies in, until the Soviets gave up

• Another problem was that many people in East Germany didn’t want to be communist. So they tried to escape to West Berlin.

• 1949

– Arms Race: the US had the atomic bomb, and the soviets wanted one too. SO the 2 countries started an arms race, each trying to get more and better weapons than the other.

• The problem was that if either side actually fired the weapons, both countries could be destroyed

– Creation of new alliances

• NATO (Europe, US, and Canada)

• Warsaw Pact (Soviet Union & Eastern Europe)

• CEATO & SENTO (central asia, middle east, & S.E. Asia)

• 1955 – after Stalin dies, Khrushchev takes over

• 1956 – countries in Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland) try to break away from the Soviet union, but the Soviet army invades and takes over

• 1959 – Fidel Castro takes over in Cuba

– He is a totalitarian dictator, and is supported by the Soviet Union

• 1950’s

• Korean War: North Korea (Communist) vs South Korea

– US sends troops in to fight with the South Koreans; China and USSR help the north

• Space Race begins – US and Soviets try to be the first into space. The 1st satellite into space was the Soviet’s, the first man on the moon was the US’s

The Berlin Wall

• After years of East Germans escaping to West Berlin, Khrushchev decides to set up a barrier to keep them out of West Berlin.

• The wall completely surrounds W. Berlin – the people inside are allowed to come out, but the people outside can’t come in.

• It’s guarded by guards, barbed wire, machine guns, attack dogs, and mines.

• 1960 - The US government tries to help overthrow Castro, but the attempt doesn’t work.

• Khrushchev decides to use Cuba as a missile base. The missiles are pointed at the US, and this makes President Kennedy worried.

• 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis –the US and Soviet Union almost start a war when they can’t agree on what should happen with Cuba. Eventually both sides back down

Vietnam War

• 1965 – President Johnson sends US soldiers into Vietnam.

• He wanted to make sure that the communist North Vietnam wouldn’t take over south Vietnam. The US was worried that if Vietnam became communist, all of Asia would soon be as well

• This is called the Domino Theory.

• In 1973, the US realized they couldn’t win and took their troops out

WWII Extra Credit

Watch one of the following movies (or one approved by Ms. G.
Write a 1-2 page minimum essay that includes:
 - a summary of the movies
 - ways the movie was historically accurate
 - ways the movie was inaccurate


List of films
Windtalkers
Band of Brothers (pick an episode)
Flags of Our Fathers
The Desert Fox
The Great Escape
Tora! Tora! Tora!
Enemy at the Gates
Monuments Men
Schindler's List
The Pianist
Stalingrad
Pearl Harbor
Defiance
Saving Private Ryan
The Thin Red Line
Memphis Belle

11-2 New Order & the Holocaust

The New Order
By 1942 Germany controlled most of Europe
2 kinds of control:
Direct control = annexation
These areas, like Poland, became part of Germany
Occupation = German military (SS) + local supporters keep control over the area

Remember, Hitler's goal was to create a perfect Aryan state
He viewed many different types of people as inferior and unfit to be part of this empire.
This included the Slavic people, who lived in Poland, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, and the rest of Eastern Europe.
As Hitler took over, he moved these people from their land into concentration camps & farms to be used as slave labor
As Hitler took over, he moved these people from their land into concentration camps & farms to be used as slave labor
He moved Germans in to populate these areas

Other Groups Hitler didn’t feel were good enough to be in his Empire
Jews
Gypsies (Romany)
Slavic People
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Homosexuals
The Mentally Handicapped
Socialists
These are the groups that ended up in Nazi camps


Hitler, with many other Germans, blamed the democrats, the radicals, the communists, the liberals, and the Jews for Germany losing the war in 1918.
Those who signed the surrender papers and the Versailles Treaty and set up the Weimar Republic were traitors.
Hitler accused the Jews of trying to destroy his Aryan Nation

To remove the “threat” that the Jews posed, Hitler and his top officials came up with a plan that would later be known as the “Final Solution”
What was the final solution?
Genocide
It was not an overnight decision, but one that evolved slowly over time

Step 1: the Ghettos
In Poland, all Jewish people were taken from their homes and placed in specific areas of the city known as ghettos.
separated from the rest of the city by fences of barbed wire or walls
They were not allowed to leave exept to work (under supervision) and got very little supplies

Life in the Ghetto
People lived in cramped quarters
Many Jews died from starvation
diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis lead to many deaths
Any Jew attempting to leave the ghetto was shot.
They began to give away their clothing in exchange for food.
To survive, the Jews resorted to smuggling food into the ghetto through the black market.

Step 2: Einsatzgruppen
The SS created the Einsatzgruppen, a special military unit that was responsible for following the army through Eastern Europe & Russia
They rounded up the Jews in each town together and shot them.

Step 3: The Camps
All over Eastern Europe and within Germany, the Nazis set up concentration camps, labor camps where the prisoners were used as workers in factories and performed other jobs.
Who was in these camps?
Political prisoners
P.O.W.s
Communists & socialists
All other targeted groups

In Poland, 6 special camps were set up.
These were death camps, specially made to kill people.
When the ghettos were emptied towards the end of the war, this is where the are sent
The camps:
Chelmno
Auschwitz II
Treblinka II
Majdanek
Belzec
Sobibor

The Death Toll
6 million Jews
40% of the Gypsy population in Europe (400,000)
4 million Eastern Europeans
3-4 million Russian prisoners of war (P.O.W.s)

Total: around 13 million people died in the concentration & death camps

Resistance
There were people that took a stand and fought back against the Nazis
In the ghettos, the people held uprisings
Most famous: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The largest single revolt during the war
The people in the Warsaw ghetto held off soldiers for almost a month in 1943 when the Nazis were trying to ship them all off to Treblinka
Resistance fighters who fought back against the Nazis throughout Russia, Poland, Italy, France, and Eastern Europe
They used guerrilla tactics
Lived in the woods
Attacked rail cars, shipping convoys, destroyed railroad tracks
Mussolini was killed by partisans
Some people hid Jews from the Nazis
Others helped them escape to other countries

New Order in Japan
Japan took over Southeast Asia and created the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
They put the military in charge in every country they took over

The native people were treated very badly
Forced to work for the Japanese
Their food was given to the soldiers so they starved
Their traditions were ignored

Many died


Kids in WWII
In England, when the bombing started, a lot of kids were sent to the US
In Germany & England, many kids were sent to the countryside to avoid the bombing of cities
In the camps, children were the first killed
Many kids became soldiers, as young as 13

World War II timeline

1939

• SEPTEMBER

– 1st: Germany invades Poland

– 3rd: England &France declare war

– 17: Russia invades Poland

– 28: Stalin&Hitler split Poland

• NOVEMBER

– 30th: USSR invades Finland

• PHONY WAR (9/39-4/40)

– Besides the invasion of Poland, nothing really happens.

Blitzkrieg

– “Lightning War”

– Germany’s new style of attack; very effective

– Used to invade & conquer countries quickly using speed and surprise

– Tanks, in columns, supported by mobile infantry and air units

– Armored columns called Panzer divisions rolled in; dive bombers and other planes provided support

1940

• APRIL

– Germany invades Denmark and Norway

• MAY

– Blitzkrieg used against Poland, Belgium, and France

• WESTERN OFFENSIVE

– Maginot Line

– Dunkirk

• JUNE

– Mussolini declares war on the Allies

– France signs cease fire with Germany

• Vichy France vs Free France

• JULY

– US stops shipment of materials to Japan

– Battle of Britain (7/10 – 10/31)

• Luftwaffe attacks, Britain tries to fight back

Germany’s First Mistake

• Battle of Britain

– Germany focused their bombings on bases, ports and communication centers

– When that didn’t work, they switched to cities, hoping that the people would get defeated.

– This gave the British time to rebuild their air force, which allowed them to attack Germany

• AUGUST

– Italy invades Somalia

• SEPTEMBER

– Italy invades Egypt

– Germany, Italy, and Japan sign Tripartite Pact

• OCTOBER

– Italy invades Greece

• NOVEMBER

– British air force bombs Hamburg

1941

• MARCH

– Bulgaria signs Tripartite Pact

– Britain invades Ethopia

– Desert War begins

• Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox”)

• APRIL

– Germany, Italy and Bulgaria invade Yugoslavia

– Japan signs non-aggression pact with Russia

• JUNE

– Allies invade Syria

– Finland & Hungary declare war on USSR

– Operation Barbarossa

• JULY

– USSR & England sign mutual assistance treaty (against Germany)

• DECEMBER

– Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary, and Romania

– Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941

• Japan attacks US fleet in Hawaii

• Kamikaze pilots are used

• At the same time, Japan invades Lalaya, Thailand, Philippines, & Burma

• The spark that causes the US to declare war on Japan

•

Germany’s Second Mistake

• Operation Barbarossa

• 3 million German soldiers and tanks were sent into Russia

• Violates the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

• Beginning of the Eastern Front Conflict

• Sends Stalin to the Allies

1942

• FEBRUARY

– US sets up internment camps for Japanese Americans

– Japan takes control of Singapore and bombs Australia

• APRIL

– US bombs Tokyo

– Luftwaffe begins 2nd bombing of Britain

• MAY

– Battle of Coral Sea (US vs Japan)

• JUNE

– Battle of Midway (US vs Japan)

• Turning point of the war in the Pacific

• AUGUST

– 1st use of the Navajo code

• OCTOBER

– Battle of El Alamein

• NOVEMBER

– Battle of Stalingrad (11/42 – 2/43)

• Ends German hope of conquering USSR

• Turning point of the war in Europe

• FALL

– US troops push the Japanese back, island to island

1943

• JANUARY

– Allies take Tripoli in Lybia

• FEBRUARY

– Allies begin bombing Germany

• JULY

– Allies invade Sicily

– Italy surrenders

• Mussolini jailed, Victor Emmanuel becomes king again

• Italy joins the Allies

• NOVEMBER

– TEHRAN

• Meeting of Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill to plan the Final attack on Germany

• British start bombing of Berlin

1944

• Germany sends the army in to retake Italy and free Mussolini. They manage to free him, and take over Rome

• JUNE

– The allies free Rome from German control

– D-DAY (Invasion of Normandy )

• June 6

• JULY

– The Red Army pushes the Germans back through Russia

• AUGUST

– US army frees Paris from German control

• SEPTEMBER

– Allies enter Germany

• OCTOBER

– Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt meet in Moscow

1945

• FEBRUARY

– Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt meet at Yalta to discuss what they will do after the war

– Bombing of Dresden

– Battle of Iwo Jima

• APRIL

– Roosevelt dies and Harry S. Truman becomes the next president

– Mussolini is executed by Italian Partisans

– German forces in Italy surrender

– Hitler Commits suicide

• MAY

– German troops in Czech, Holland, & Denmark surrender

– 5/7 Germany surrenders unconditionally

• End of the war in Europe

• AUGUST

– 8/6 US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima

– 8/8 Russia declares war on Japan and invades Manchuria

– 8/9 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

– 8/14 Japan surrenders; WWII ends

11-1 Paths to War

11-1 Paths to War

HITLER BEGINS HIS CONQUEST OF EUROPE
Remember, Hitler’s goal was to create an Aryan empire, and he needed land to do this.

• He planned to go to war with the USSR, take over, and use the Slavic people as slave labor

STEP ONE

• Rebuilding the military:

– Creates new air force

– drafts people into the army

• 1936 – invasion of Rhineland

– Demilitarized zone between France and Germany

• No one stops Hitler’s advance. Why?

– They believe in appeasement

• Churchill is the leader of the move towards appeasement

HITLER'S FRIENDS

• Mussolini was working in his own empire. He invaded Ethopia

• H&M helped Franco win a war in Spain

• Rome-Berlin Axis= pact between Italy and Germany

• Anti-Comintern Pact = Japan and Germany agree to fight against communism

STEP TWO

• 1937- Anschluss

– Germany threatens to take over

– Austrian government allows Nazis to be put in charge of the gov’t.

– The new gov’t lets the Germans in

– Germany takes control of Austria

STEP THREE

• Hitler wanted to take over the Sudetenland, an area of Czech that was mostly inhabited by Germans

• He demands that it be given to him

• Munich Conference – meeting to decide what to do about Hitler and his demands

• They decide to give him the land

STEP FOUR

• The appeasement policy lads Hitler to believe that France and England are weak and won’t fight him

• He takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia (Bohemia and Morovia)

STEP FIVE

• Hitler demands part of Poland

• England and France finally realize he is a threat, and move to make a deal with Stalin to help them take on Hitler

STEP SIX

• Hitler realizes that E&F are in talks with Stalin, and decides to get to him first to prevent another 2 front war

• Nazi-Soviet Nonagression pact (1939)

– In return for not attacking Germany, Russia would get the Baltic states and part of Poland

– He could make this promise because he planned to taking over USSR anyway so he wouldn’t have to pay up

STEP SEVEN: The Final Step

• Now confident that no one can defeat him, Hitler takes the step that leads to war

• September 1, 1939 – Hitler’s troops invade Poland.

• 2 days later, England and France declare war on Germany, and WWII begins.

JAPAN BEGINS ITS CONQUEST OF ASIA

• Remember, Japan had taken Manchuria, been forced to give it back, then retaken by the new militant Japanese gov’t

– It was renamed Manchuko

– This made the US unhappy, but they didn’t want to fight…they still believed that isolationism was the best way to go

WAR WITH CHINA

• Chiang Kai-Shek, the leader of China, had avoided worring about the threat of Japan because he was worried about the Communists

• By 1937, he had to be concerned as the Japanese army kept taking territory

• Eventually there was fighting, and Japan got a good chunk of eastern China

NEW ASIAN ORDER

• Japan’s plan was to create a united Asian empire that it would control, and add parts of Russia to it.

– It was counting on Hitler’s support

• After Hitler and Stalin signed their agreement, Japan had to rethink their plans

– Moved the focus to Southeast Asia, which had lots of natural resources

PROBLEMS ARISE

• When Japan takes control of French Indochina, the US gets upset and threatens to impose economic sanctions

– Restrictions on trade

• This poses a problem, because Japan needs the resources that the US provides, but it also needs the materials from Asia

• The solution? Surprise attack on US and European colonies in SE Asia

First Semester Study Guide

Be able to discuss the definition and importance of each of the following

For each word/person/event, make sure you know:  what it is, what they believed, what happened, how it is important

Chapter 2

James 1

James II

Charles I

Charles II

Divine right of kings

Jean Jacques Rousseau’s ideas

John Locke

Laissez-faire

Who is the father of rationalism?

Chapter 3

Committee of Public Safety

Maximillian Robespierre

Constitution of 1791

De-Christianization

Reign of Terror

Continental System

Napoleon

What led to Napoleon’s defeat?

2 reasons Napoleon’s empire collapsed

Chapter 4

Factory system

Reasons the Industrial Revolution started in England

Key inventions of the Industrial Revolution

Social change during the Industrial Revolution

Resources/elements used in the 1^st Industrial Revolution

New methods of transportation

Principle of intervention

Ministerial responsibility

Chapter 5

2 forms of Marxism

Resources/elements used in the 2^nd Industrial Revolution

Triple Alliance

Nationalism in the USA

Change in the Austrain Empire

Nationalism

Chapter 6

White Man’s Burden

Boers

Indian National Congress

Which countries remained independent

Direct rule

Indirect rule

Mohandas Gandhi

mestizos

Chapter 7

Open Door Policy

Tai Ping Rebellion

Self-strengthening

Meji Restoration

Short answer

What other events in history inspired the French Revolution?

Essay

How have both the First and Second Industrial Revolutions changed the way we lived today?  What effect did they have on the way people lived and worked?

What was Imperialism?  How did colonizing of areas affect the people living in them?  Write an essay that outlines the positive and negative effects of 19^th century imperialism. 

Describe the events that occurred during the French Revolution and how they affected the society and government. What role did women play in the Revolution?