WWII Extra Credit

Watch one of the following movies (or one approved by Ms. G.
Write a 1-2 page minimum essay that includes:
 - a summary of the movies
 - ways the movie was historically accurate
 - ways the movie was inaccurate


List of films
Windtalkers
Band of Brothers (pick an episode)
Flags of Our Fathers
The Desert Fox
The Great Escape
Tora! Tora! Tora!
Enemy at the Gates
Monuments Men
Schindler's List
The Pianist
Stalingrad
Pearl Harbor
Defiance
Saving Private Ryan
The Thin Red Line
Memphis Belle

11-2 New Order & the Holocaust

The New Order
By 1942 Germany controlled most of Europe
2 kinds of control:
Direct control = annexation
These areas, like Poland, became part of Germany
Occupation = German military (SS) + local supporters keep control over the area

Remember, Hitler's goal was to create a perfect Aryan state
He viewed many different types of people as inferior and unfit to be part of this empire.
This included the Slavic people, who lived in Poland, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, and the rest of Eastern Europe.
As Hitler took over, he moved these people from their land into concentration camps & farms to be used as slave labor
As Hitler took over, he moved these people from their land into concentration camps & farms to be used as slave labor
He moved Germans in to populate these areas

Other Groups Hitler didn’t feel were good enough to be in his Empire
Jews
Gypsies (Romany)
Slavic People
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Homosexuals
The Mentally Handicapped
Socialists
These are the groups that ended up in Nazi camps


Hitler, with many other Germans, blamed the democrats, the radicals, the communists, the liberals, and the Jews for Germany losing the war in 1918.
Those who signed the surrender papers and the Versailles Treaty and set up the Weimar Republic were traitors.
Hitler accused the Jews of trying to destroy his Aryan Nation

To remove the “threat” that the Jews posed, Hitler and his top officials came up with a plan that would later be known as the “Final Solution”
What was the final solution?
Genocide
It was not an overnight decision, but one that evolved slowly over time

Step 1: the Ghettos
In Poland, all Jewish people were taken from their homes and placed in specific areas of the city known as ghettos.
separated from the rest of the city by fences of barbed wire or walls
They were not allowed to leave exept to work (under supervision) and got very little supplies

Life in the Ghetto
People lived in cramped quarters
Many Jews died from starvation
diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis lead to many deaths
Any Jew attempting to leave the ghetto was shot.
They began to give away their clothing in exchange for food.
To survive, the Jews resorted to smuggling food into the ghetto through the black market.

Step 2: Einsatzgruppen
The SS created the Einsatzgruppen, a special military unit that was responsible for following the army through Eastern Europe & Russia
They rounded up the Jews in each town together and shot them.

Step 3: The Camps
All over Eastern Europe and within Germany, the Nazis set up concentration camps, labor camps where the prisoners were used as workers in factories and performed other jobs.
Who was in these camps?
Political prisoners
P.O.W.s
Communists & socialists
All other targeted groups

In Poland, 6 special camps were set up.
These were death camps, specially made to kill people.
When the ghettos were emptied towards the end of the war, this is where the are sent
The camps:
Chelmno
Auschwitz II
Treblinka II
Majdanek
Belzec
Sobibor

The Death Toll
6 million Jews
40% of the Gypsy population in Europe (400,000)
4 million Eastern Europeans
3-4 million Russian prisoners of war (P.O.W.s)

Total: around 13 million people died in the concentration & death camps

Resistance
There were people that took a stand and fought back against the Nazis
In the ghettos, the people held uprisings
Most famous: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The largest single revolt during the war
The people in the Warsaw ghetto held off soldiers for almost a month in 1943 when the Nazis were trying to ship them all off to Treblinka
Resistance fighters who fought back against the Nazis throughout Russia, Poland, Italy, France, and Eastern Europe
They used guerrilla tactics
Lived in the woods
Attacked rail cars, shipping convoys, destroyed railroad tracks
Mussolini was killed by partisans
Some people hid Jews from the Nazis
Others helped them escape to other countries

New Order in Japan
Japan took over Southeast Asia and created the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
They put the military in charge in every country they took over

The native people were treated very badly
Forced to work for the Japanese
Their food was given to the soldiers so they starved
Their traditions were ignored

Many died


Kids in WWII
In England, when the bombing started, a lot of kids were sent to the US
In Germany & England, many kids were sent to the countryside to avoid the bombing of cities
In the camps, children were the first killed
Many kids became soldiers, as young as 13

World War II timeline

1939

• SEPTEMBER

– 1st: Germany invades Poland

– 3rd: England &France declare war

– 17: Russia invades Poland

– 28: Stalin&Hitler split Poland

• NOVEMBER

– 30th: USSR invades Finland

• PHONY WAR (9/39-4/40)

– Besides the invasion of Poland, nothing really happens.

Blitzkrieg

– “Lightning War”

– Germany’s new style of attack; very effective

– Used to invade & conquer countries quickly using speed and surprise

– Tanks, in columns, supported by mobile infantry and air units

– Armored columns called Panzer divisions rolled in; dive bombers and other planes provided support

1940

• APRIL

– Germany invades Denmark and Norway

• MAY

– Blitzkrieg used against Poland, Belgium, and France

• WESTERN OFFENSIVE

– Maginot Line

– Dunkirk

• JUNE

– Mussolini declares war on the Allies

– France signs cease fire with Germany

• Vichy France vs Free France

• JULY

– US stops shipment of materials to Japan

– Battle of Britain (7/10 – 10/31)

• Luftwaffe attacks, Britain tries to fight back

Germany’s First Mistake

• Battle of Britain

– Germany focused their bombings on bases, ports and communication centers

– When that didn’t work, they switched to cities, hoping that the people would get defeated.

– This gave the British time to rebuild their air force, which allowed them to attack Germany

• AUGUST

– Italy invades Somalia

• SEPTEMBER

– Italy invades Egypt

– Germany, Italy, and Japan sign Tripartite Pact

• OCTOBER

– Italy invades Greece

• NOVEMBER

– British air force bombs Hamburg

1941

• MARCH

– Bulgaria signs Tripartite Pact

– Britain invades Ethopia

– Desert War begins

• Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox”)

• APRIL

– Germany, Italy and Bulgaria invade Yugoslavia

– Japan signs non-aggression pact with Russia

• JUNE

– Allies invade Syria

– Finland & Hungary declare war on USSR

– Operation Barbarossa

• JULY

– USSR & England sign mutual assistance treaty (against Germany)

• DECEMBER

– Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary, and Romania

– Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941

• Japan attacks US fleet in Hawaii

• Kamikaze pilots are used

• At the same time, Japan invades Lalaya, Thailand, Philippines, & Burma

• The spark that causes the US to declare war on Japan

•

Germany’s Second Mistake

• Operation Barbarossa

• 3 million German soldiers and tanks were sent into Russia

• Violates the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

• Beginning of the Eastern Front Conflict

• Sends Stalin to the Allies

1942

• FEBRUARY

– US sets up internment camps for Japanese Americans

– Japan takes control of Singapore and bombs Australia

• APRIL

– US bombs Tokyo

– Luftwaffe begins 2nd bombing of Britain

• MAY

– Battle of Coral Sea (US vs Japan)

• JUNE

– Battle of Midway (US vs Japan)

• Turning point of the war in the Pacific

• AUGUST

– 1st use of the Navajo code

• OCTOBER

– Battle of El Alamein

• NOVEMBER

– Battle of Stalingrad (11/42 – 2/43)

• Ends German hope of conquering USSR

• Turning point of the war in Europe

• FALL

– US troops push the Japanese back, island to island

1943

• JANUARY

– Allies take Tripoli in Lybia

• FEBRUARY

– Allies begin bombing Germany

• JULY

– Allies invade Sicily

– Italy surrenders

• Mussolini jailed, Victor Emmanuel becomes king again

• Italy joins the Allies

• NOVEMBER

– TEHRAN

• Meeting of Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill to plan the Final attack on Germany

• British start bombing of Berlin

1944

• Germany sends the army in to retake Italy and free Mussolini. They manage to free him, and take over Rome

• JUNE

– The allies free Rome from German control

– D-DAY (Invasion of Normandy )

• June 6

• JULY

– The Red Army pushes the Germans back through Russia

• AUGUST

– US army frees Paris from German control

• SEPTEMBER

– Allies enter Germany

• OCTOBER

– Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt meet in Moscow

1945

• FEBRUARY

– Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt meet at Yalta to discuss what they will do after the war

– Bombing of Dresden

– Battle of Iwo Jima

• APRIL

– Roosevelt dies and Harry S. Truman becomes the next president

– Mussolini is executed by Italian Partisans

– German forces in Italy surrender

– Hitler Commits suicide

• MAY

– German troops in Czech, Holland, & Denmark surrender

– 5/7 Germany surrenders unconditionally

• End of the war in Europe

• AUGUST

– 8/6 US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima

– 8/8 Russia declares war on Japan and invades Manchuria

– 8/9 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

– 8/14 Japan surrenders; WWII ends

11-1 Paths to War

11-1 Paths to War

HITLER BEGINS HIS CONQUEST OF EUROPE
Remember, Hitler’s goal was to create an Aryan empire, and he needed land to do this.

• He planned to go to war with the USSR, take over, and use the Slavic people as slave labor

STEP ONE

• Rebuilding the military:

– Creates new air force

– drafts people into the army

• 1936 – invasion of Rhineland

– Demilitarized zone between France and Germany

• No one stops Hitler’s advance. Why?

– They believe in appeasement

• Churchill is the leader of the move towards appeasement

HITLER'S FRIENDS

• Mussolini was working in his own empire. He invaded Ethopia

• H&M helped Franco win a war in Spain

• Rome-Berlin Axis= pact between Italy and Germany

• Anti-Comintern Pact = Japan and Germany agree to fight against communism

STEP TWO

• 1937- Anschluss

– Germany threatens to take over

– Austrian government allows Nazis to be put in charge of the gov’t.

– The new gov’t lets the Germans in

– Germany takes control of Austria

STEP THREE

• Hitler wanted to take over the Sudetenland, an area of Czech that was mostly inhabited by Germans

• He demands that it be given to him

• Munich Conference – meeting to decide what to do about Hitler and his demands

• They decide to give him the land

STEP FOUR

• The appeasement policy lads Hitler to believe that France and England are weak and won’t fight him

• He takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia (Bohemia and Morovia)

STEP FIVE

• Hitler demands part of Poland

• England and France finally realize he is a threat, and move to make a deal with Stalin to help them take on Hitler

STEP SIX

• Hitler realizes that E&F are in talks with Stalin, and decides to get to him first to prevent another 2 front war

• Nazi-Soviet Nonagression pact (1939)

– In return for not attacking Germany, Russia would get the Baltic states and part of Poland

– He could make this promise because he planned to taking over USSR anyway so he wouldn’t have to pay up

STEP SEVEN: The Final Step

• Now confident that no one can defeat him, Hitler takes the step that leads to war

• September 1, 1939 – Hitler’s troops invade Poland.

• 2 days later, England and France declare war on Germany, and WWII begins.

JAPAN BEGINS ITS CONQUEST OF ASIA

• Remember, Japan had taken Manchuria, been forced to give it back, then retaken by the new militant Japanese gov’t

– It was renamed Manchuko

– This made the US unhappy, but they didn’t want to fight…they still believed that isolationism was the best way to go

WAR WITH CHINA

• Chiang Kai-Shek, the leader of China, had avoided worring about the threat of Japan because he was worried about the Communists

• By 1937, he had to be concerned as the Japanese army kept taking territory

• Eventually there was fighting, and Japan got a good chunk of eastern China

NEW ASIAN ORDER

• Japan’s plan was to create a united Asian empire that it would control, and add parts of Russia to it.

– It was counting on Hitler’s support

• After Hitler and Stalin signed their agreement, Japan had to rethink their plans

– Moved the focus to Southeast Asia, which had lots of natural resources

PROBLEMS ARISE

• When Japan takes control of French Indochina, the US gets upset and threatens to impose economic sanctions

– Restrictions on trade

• This poses a problem, because Japan needs the resources that the US provides, but it also needs the materials from Asia

• The solution? Surprise attack on US and European colonies in SE Asia

First Semester Study Guide

Be able to discuss the definition and importance of each of the following

For each word/person/event, make sure you know:  what it is, what they believed, what happened, how it is important

Chapter 2

James 1

James II

Charles I

Charles II

Divine right of kings

Jean Jacques Rousseau’s ideas

John Locke

Laissez-faire

Who is the father of rationalism?

Chapter 3

Committee of Public Safety

Maximillian Robespierre

Constitution of 1791

De-Christianization

Reign of Terror

Continental System

Napoleon

What led to Napoleon’s defeat?

2 reasons Napoleon’s empire collapsed

Chapter 4

Factory system

Reasons the Industrial Revolution started in England

Key inventions of the Industrial Revolution

Social change during the Industrial Revolution

Resources/elements used in the 1^st Industrial Revolution

New methods of transportation

Principle of intervention

Ministerial responsibility

Chapter 5

2 forms of Marxism

Resources/elements used in the 2^nd Industrial Revolution

Triple Alliance

Nationalism in the USA

Change in the Austrain Empire

Nationalism

Chapter 6

White Man’s Burden

Boers

Indian National Congress

Which countries remained independent

Direct rule

Indirect rule

Mohandas Gandhi

mestizos

Chapter 7

Open Door Policy

Tai Ping Rebellion

Self-strengthening

Meji Restoration

Short answer

What other events in history inspired the French Revolution?

Essay

How have both the First and Second Industrial Revolutions changed the way we lived today?  What effect did they have on the way people lived and worked?

What was Imperialism?  How did colonizing of areas affect the people living in them?  Write an essay that outlines the positive and negative effects of 19^th century imperialism. 

Describe the events that occurred during the French Revolution and how they affected the society and government. What role did women play in the Revolution?

6.2 Africa

WEST AFRICA
Europeans did not hesitate to deceive Africans in order to get their land and natural resources.
Driven by of rivalries among themselves, Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal placed almost all of Africa under European rule between 1880 and 1890.
West Africa was particularly affected by the slave trade, but trafficking in slaves had declined after it was declared illegal by both Great Britain and the United States by 1808. By the 1890s slavery was abolished in all the major countries of the world.
As slavery declined, Europe’s interest in other forms of trade increased—for example, trading manufactured goods for peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil. In the early nineteenth century, the British established settlements along the Gold Coast and in Sierra Leone. The growing European presence in West Africa caused increasing tensions with local African governments, who feared for their independence.
In 1874 Great Britain annexed (incorporated a country within a state) the west coastal states as the first British colony of Gold Coast. Simultaneously, it established a protectorate over warring Nigerian groups.
France controlled the largest part of West Africa, and Germany controlled Togo, Cameroon, and German Southwest Africa (now Namibia).

NORTH AFRICA
Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1805, an officer of the Ottoman army named Muhammad Ali seized power and established a separate Egyptian state.
Ali introduced a series of reforms to modernize Egypt. He modernized the army, set up a public school system, and helped create small industries.
The growing economic importance of the Nile Valley along with the development of steamships gave Europeans a desire to build a canal east of Cairo to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas. In 1854 Ferdinand de Lesseps, a Frenchman, signed a contract to build the Suez Canal. The canal was completed in 1869.
Great Britain bought Egypt’s share in the Suez Canal. Britain suppressed an 1881 revolt against foreign influence, and Egypt became a British protectorate in 1915.
The British believed they should control the Sudan, south of Egypt. In 1881 the Muslim cleric Muhammad Ahmad seized control of the Sudan and defeated the British military force under General Charles Gordon. The British army was wiped out at Khartoum; Gordon died in the battle. The British seized the Sudan again in 1898.
The French had colonies in North Africa. In 1879, 150,000 French had settled in the region of Algeria. The French government established control there, along with making protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco.
Italy joined the competition for North African colonies by trying to take over Ethiopia. Ethiopian forces defeated the Italians in 1896. Italy was humiliated and tried again in 1911 to conquer Ethiopia. Italy seized Turkish Tripoli, which it renamed Libya.

CENTRAL AFRICA
European explorers had generated European interest in the dense tropical jungles of Central Africa.
David Livingstone was one such explorer. He arrived in Africa in 1841 and trekked through the unexplored interior for 30 years. When he disappeared for a while, the New York Herald sent the young journalist Henry Stanley to find him. When Stanley found him, he said the now famous words, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”
Although he said he hated the place, Stanley stayed in Africa, and in the 1870s he sailed down the Congo River. He encouraged the British to send settlers to the Congo River basin. When Britain refused, Stanley turned to King Leopold II of Belgium.
King Leopold II was the real driving force behind the colonization of Central Africa. In 1876 he hired Henry Stanley to set up Belgian settlements in the Congo. Belgium’s claim to the vast territories of the Congo worried other European states.
France especially rushed to gain territories in Central Africa. Belgium ended up with the territories south of the Congo River, and France received the territories north of the Congo River.

EAST AFRICA
By 1875 Britain and Germany had become the chief rivals in East Africa. At first Bismarck had downplayed the importance of colonies. He became a convert to colonialism, however, after more and more Germans called for a German empire.
Germany was one of many European nations interested in East African colonies. At the 1884 Berlin Conference, the major European powers divided up East Africa, giving recognition to German, British, and Portuguese claims. No African delegates were present at the conference.

SOUTH AFRICA
The European presence in Africa grew most rapidly in the south. By 1865 close to two hundred thousand white people had moved to the southern part of Africa.
The Boers, also called Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers who occupied Cape Town in South Africa in the seventeenth century. Later, the British seized these lands. In the 1830s the Boers fled British rule, going northward and establishing the independent republics of Transvaal—later the South African Republic—and the Orange Free State. The Boers believed white supremacy was ordained by God; therefore, they put a lot of the indigenous (native) peoples on reservations.
The Boers frequently battled the Zulu, an indigenous people. The Zulu had risen to prominence under their great ruler, Shaka. Later the British defeated the Zulu.
In the 1880s British policy in South Africa was directed by Cecil Rhodes, who had set up diamond and gold companies that had made him fabulously wealthy. He named the territory north of the Transvaal Rhodesia, after himself.
Rhodes’s ambitions led to his downfall in 1896. The British government forced him to resign as prime minister of Cape Colony after finding out he planned to overthrow the Boer government of the South African Republic without British approval. Conflict broke out between the British and the Boers, leading to war.
The Boer War went from 1899 to 1902. Fierce guerrilla resistance by the Boers angered the British, who burned crops and herded more than 150,000 Boer women and children into detention camps, causing 26,000 to die.
In 1910 the British created the independent Union of South Africa, combining the Cape Colony and the Boer republics. This was a self-governing nation within the British Empire. To appease the Boers, the policy was that only whites could vote.

COLONIAL RULE IN AFRICA
By 1914 only Liberia, which had been created by freed United States slaves, and Ethiopia were African nations free of European domination. Native armed forces had been devastated by the superior European forces.
Britain especially relied on existing political elites and institutions to govern its colonies. An advantage of indirect rule for the indigenous peoples is that it interfered much less with their traditions and customs. However, most decisions came from the parent country, and local rulers rubber-stamped and enforced these decisions, maintaining their power. This system sowed the seeds of later class and tribal tensions among native peoples.
The French ideal was to assimilate the African peoples. They did not want to preserve African traditions.

RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM
A new class of African leaders emerged in the early twentieth century. Mostly intellectuals, they knew about the West from their education in colonial and Western schools. The members of this new class often admired Western culture and wanted to introduce Western ideas and institutions to their culture because they saw certain aspects of European culture as superior to their own cultures.
These same people often resented the foreigners and their contempt for Africa. These intellectuals saw the gap between Western democratic theory and Western colonial practice. Africans had little chance to participate in the colonial institutions, and many had lost their farms for terrible jobs in sweatshops or on plantations.
Middle-class Africans also could complain, not just the poor peasants. They usually had only menial jobs in the government or bureaucracy, and they were paid much less than whites. Europeans segregated most of society, and often called adult black males “boy.”
During the first quarter of the twentieth century, resentment turned to action. Educated native peoples began to organize political parties and movements to end foreign rule.

6.1 SE Asia

THE NEW IMPERIALSIM
In the 1800s European nations began a new push of imperialism—the extension of a nation’s power over other lands.
A new phase of Western expansion into and trade with Asia and Africa began in the nineteenth century. Asia and Africa were seen as a source of raw materials for industrial production and as a market for Europe’s manufactured goods.
This “new imperialism,” as some historians have called it, was not content to have trading posts and agreements, as the old imperialism was, but wanted direct control over territories.
There was a strong economic motive for Western nations to increase their search for colonies after 1880. Europeans wanted direct control of the raw materials and markets it found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
European nations also acquired colonies to gain an advantage over European rivals looking for colonies and world power. Having colonies was a source of national prestige as well.
The new imperialism was tied to racism and Social Darwinism. To Social Darwinists, the imperialist European nations were simply exerting themselves in the struggle for the fittest to survive. Losing nations were racially inferior nations, these people argued erroneously. Others believed that the Western nations had a moral or religious duty to “civilize” Asian, African, and Latin American nations, which often meant to Christianize them.

COLONIAL TAKEOVER IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
By 1900 almost all of Southeast Asia was under Western rule.
Great Britain led the way in nineteenth-century imperial colonialism. In 1819 Great Britain founded a colony on a small island called Singapore (“city of the lion”). In the new age of steamships, Singapore soon became a major port for traffic to and from China.
The British moved deeper into Southeast Asia in the next decades. Britain took control of Burma (present-day Myanmar) to protect its possessions in India and to have a land route to South China.
France had interests in Vietnam and was alarmed by British expansion into Southeast Asia. To stop any British move on Vietnam, the French government decided in 1857 to force the Vietnamese to accept French protection. By 1884, the French had seized control of the country and made the Vietnamese Empire into a French protectorate—a political unit that depends on another government for its protection. In the 1880s France extended protection over neighboring Cambodia, Laos, Annam, and Tonkin.
In the final quarter of the nineteenth century, both Britain and France tried to make Thailand into a colony. Two remarkable rulers prevented the takeover—King Mongkut (memorialized in The King and I) and his son King Chulalongkorn. Both promoted friendly relations with the West and Western learning. In 1896 France and Britain agreed to maintain Thailand as an independent buffer state between their possessions.
The United States naval forces under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish in Manila Bay in the Philippines. President William McKinley believed it was his moral duty to civilize other parts of the world. Colonizing the Philippines would also prevent it from coming under Japanese rule and would serve the United States’s interest in securing a jumping-off point for trade with China.
Many Filipinos objected to the colonization—for example Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of an independence movement. His guerrilla forces fought against the Spanish and the United States, who defeated the guerrillas.

COLONIAL REGIMES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
The chief goal of the Western powers in their colonies was to exploit the natural resources and open up markets for Western manufactured goods. The colonial powers ruled either indirectly or directly.
Indirect rule was used when allowing local rulers and political elites their authority best achieved the goals of the Western parent country. This approach was the preferred route because it made ruling easier and less costly.
Especially when local elites resisted foreign conquest, indirect rule was not practicable. In these cases new officials from the mother country were put in charge of taxes, law and order, and other governmental matters. This system is called direct rule. This was Britain’s approach in Burma, for example, where the British abolished the monarchy.
France used direct and indirect rule in Indochina. It imposed direct rule in the southern provinces in the Mekong delta, which had been ceded to France as a colony after the first war in 1858 to 1860. In the northern parts of Vietnam, France used indirect rule (protectorate).
Western powers often justified their conquests by arguing they brought civilization and development. These same powers, however, often feared the indigenous peoples gaining political rights. The native peoples might want full participation in the government or independence.
Colonial powers did not want their colonists to develop their own industries. Thus, the parent countries stressed exporting raw materials—teak wood, rubber, tin, spices, tea, coffee, sugar, and others.
In many places the native people worked as wage laborers on plantations owned by foreign investors. Plantation owners kept wages at a poverty level. Conditions on plantations often were horrible. Colonial governments often levied high taxes on the peasants.
Colonial rule did bring benefits to Southeast Asia. It began a modern economic system and improved infrastructure. Expanded exports developed an entrepreneurial class in rural areas, even though most of the export profits went to the mother country.

RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL RULE
Initial resistance to colonial rule came from the ruling classes among the subject peoples. Sometimes resistance to Western rule took the form of peasant revolts. Peasants often were driven off land to make way for plantation agriculture.
Early resistance movements were overcome by Western powers. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a new kind of resistance based on the force of nationalism emerged. The leaders often were a new class created by colonial rule: westernized intellectuals in the cities.
These new leaders were part of a new urban middle class—merchants, clerks, students, and professionals—which had been educated in Western schools, spoke Western languages, and knew Western customs. At first the resistance movements organized to protect religious traditions and traditional cultural customs. In the 1930s these resistance movements began to demand national independence.